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Hardware

30 articles

How is Millimeter Wave Radar Point Cloud Data Constructed?

The articles A Detailed Summary of Millimeter-Wave Radar FMCW Working Principles and Calculation Process and How Millimeter-Wave Radar Measu…

How Do mmWave Radars Measure and Calculate Angle Information?

In the article Detailed Summary of FMCW mmWave Radar Sensing Workflow and Calculations, we covered the theoretical derivations and mathemati…

Detailed Summary of FMCW mmWave Radar Principles and Calculation Process

In the article Understanding the Principles and Applications of mmWave Sensing Radar, we briefly summarized the fundamental principles of ra…

Understanding the Working Principles of mmWave Sensing Radar Technology

In essence, radar (originally an acronym for 'radio detection and ranging') is a device that detects a target's distance, velocity, and dire…

Why Are DDR and LPDDR Incompatible with Each Other?

Are DDR and LPDDR mutually compatible during system design? For a main host SoC, how do we make the correct selection and design decisions b…

A Beginner's Guide to NFC Technology

NFC (Near Field Communication) is a high-frequency RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology widely used in today's consumer electron…

Summary of Operating Temperatures and Calculation Procedures for Electronic Products, Chip Thermal Resistance, and Junction Temperature

Focusing on common thermal design issues in electronic products, this article provides a detailed compilation of temperature, thermal resist…

How PSRAM and LPDDR Reduce Power Consumption

Due to the inherent self-refresh characteristic of DRAM and the processing of high-frequency communication signals, DDR has always been a ma…

Can PSRAM Become the Solution to DDR Shortages?

With the current tight supply and drastic price fluctuations in the DDR memory market, some SoC vendors in the IPC field have started promot…

Detailed Analysis of the Complete Initialization Flow After SD Card Insertion Detection

This article provides a comprehensive analysis and explanation of the complete initialization flow between the SD host controller and the SD…

Parsing SD Communication Command Protocols: CMD6

In the SD protocol, CMD6 is a relatively complex command within the interaction process between the SD host and the SD card. Its complexity …

The Connections and Differences Between SD Cards, SDIO Interfaces, and eMMC

Among the main control chips encountered in our work, their supported SD host controllers and interfaces will almost certainly mention that …

SD Card CMD Commands and Response Message Data Structures

As is well known, there is a dedicated CMD pin on the SD interface between an SD card and its controller. Working in conjunction with the CL…

Summary of SD Card Classifications and Specifications

Summary of Basic SD Card Specifications Size Types - SD: 32×24×2.1mm (full size), largely obsolete and rarely used today - microSD: 11×15×1.…

Working Principles and Application Summary of G-Sensor

G-Sensor: Gravity Sensor or Accelerometer. Its primary function is to detect sudden changes in an object's acceleration during motion. The m…

Overview of the Working Principles of Hardware Security Chips in Embedded Products

Basically, the application of hardware security chips in embedded products mainly includes the following two categories: - Basic anti-clonin…

Nuvoton ISD9160 Local Voice Recognition Solution

The Nuvoton ISD9160 processor itself is essentially a 32-bit general-purpose low-power processor based on the ARM Cortex-M0 core. Compared w…

Summary of USB Interface and Endpoint Concepts

Endpoints Logically, an endpoint can be viewed as a FIFO buffer on the USB device side, used to store communication data between the Host an…

Study Summary of the OBD-II Experts Software Stack

This article is a study summary based on the contents of Reference 1. OBD-II Experts is a software component designed for protocol analysis …

UVC Video Format Negotiation Workflow: Video Probe & Commit Requests

The communication workflow for video transmission format negotiation between a UVC device and a Host takes place via the Video Streaming Int…

USB Transfer Types: Interrupt, Bulk, and Isochronous Transfers

Based on my study of the relevant chapters in USB in a Nutshell, this article summarizes the workflows and packet compositions of three USB …

Parsing USB UVC Protocol SET/GET Request Data Structures

Based on Chapter 4 (Class-Specific Requests) of the UVC 1.5 specification, this article organizes the data structures of UVC SET and GET req…

Summary of Standard USB Packet Types

A basic USB communication transaction (referred to as a USB Transaction) typically consists of three basic USB Packets: - Token Packet: Init…

USB Transfer Types: Control Transfer

USB control transfers are typically used to transmit control commands and status information. Enumeration, the most crucial function of USB,…

Setup Packet in USB Control Transfers

The Setup Packet is generally used by the Host to detect, configure, and execute specific control functions on a Device, such as setting the…

GPS Basics and How Positioning Works

GPS Basics - GPS: Global Positioning System. Its full official name is NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioni…

Detailed Explanation of Descriptors for USB Composite Devices and UVC Profiles

USB Composite Device A USB composite device, as it is called, is a single USB device that incorporates multiple functions. Each function's s…

Summary of Learning TI's Impedance Track Battery Fuel Gauging Technology

Key Parameters for Batteries and Fuel Gauges: - QMax: Total chemical capacity of the battery; - OCV: Open Circuit Voltage, the open-circuit …

Lithium Battery Fundamentals

Lithium Battery Composition Structure Lithium batteries are structurally divided into four main parts: cathode, anode, electrolyte, and sepa…

Parsing GPS NMEA Data Format and Introduction to GPS/BeiDou Dual-Mode Module TD3020C

NMEA Data Format NMEA-0183 is a standard protocol that GPS receivers should comply with and is currently the most widely used protocol for G…